2021年考研真题及答案专题
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考试采取“一题多卷”模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。
1. 【答案】C peaks
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。文章首段首句为主题句，谈到一个概念：流体智力(fluid intelligence)，是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。想要解决空格处需要分析整句话的逻辑关系。前文提到青年人，后文提到这种流体智力智力随着年龄增长会慢慢下降，所以根据时间发展的关系，前面提到这种智力在青年时达到峰值(peaks)，并且会停留一段时间，随后随着年龄的增长会逐渐下降。正确答案为peaks。pauses 暂停;return 恢复，返回;fades 逐渐消退。
2. 【答案】D generally
【解析】此处考察词汇辨析。根据上一道题目的具体分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象得修饰，we age 体现我们大所数人，所以应该选择D generally。alternatively 要不然，或者(二者择其一); formally 正式地，正规地;accidentally 偶然地。
3. 【答案】A while
【解析】此处考察句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词But 开始，但考察句内之间的意思转折：但是， 3 年纪增长不可避免，科学家发现某些大脑功能不会发生变化。年纪增长和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以应该选择while，尽管。since 因为;当......时;once 一旦;until 直到。
4. 【答案】C consumption
【解析】 此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词and将空格处与前文muscle loss并列，行车前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。所给选项中只有C选项consumption意思是消耗的意思，带入原文符合句意。detection 侦查，勘察;accumulation 积累，积攒，增加;separation 分开，分离。
5. 【答案】A possibility
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。suggest一词是解题的关键，这个单词用在考研英语的文章中大部分都是暗示的意思，that引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词may表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以选择possibility。decision 决定;goal 目标;requirement 要求。
6. 【答案】A delay
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词or将空格处和前文prevent构成近义词的关系，delay延迟和prevent阻止是相近句意表达。ensure 确保;seek 寻求，请求;utilize 利用，使用;
7. 【答案】C included
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中that引导的是一个定语从句，从句列举了data的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明data的内容，要选择included包含，包括。modified 改变;supported 支持;predicted 预测。
8. 【答案】B compared
【解析】此处考察动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。空格处表devote to 把......专用于，完全用于;compare A to B 将A和B进行比较;convert A to B 将A 转变成B;apply A to B 将A应用于B。空格处所在句意为将那些数据和已知报道进行....。后文和下是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以应该选择 compare。
9. 【答案】A with
【解析】此处考察介词的用法。这个介词里只有with能体现的是某种状态：有着较高腹部脂肪检测结果的中年人.......
10. 【答案】C scored
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子表达：有着较高腹部脂肪单位的中年人在流体智力检测时得分不高，测量智力是会得出具体分数的，就像我们平时说的智力测试。lived 生存，活着;managed 完成;scored 得分;played 表现。
11. 【答案】D went by
【解析】此处考察动词短语辨析。...as the years went by. 随着时间的流逝，也算是固定的搭配。ran out 耗尽，放弃;set off 出发，动身，启程;drew in 吸引，拉入。
12. 【答案】B attributable
【解析】此处考察形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论得是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。attributable to 归因于...; superior
to 优于，胜于;parallel to 平行于，与......平等;resistance to 抵抗。
13. 【答案】C involved
【解析】此处考察非谓语动词词义辨析。分析了上一题，这一道题也迎刃而解，空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，did not appear to be involved，似乎不涉及在内。
14. 【答案】D explain
【解析】此处考察动词辨析+句意理解。It is hoped that ...体现出是寄希望于以后的实验研究来得出结论。alter 改变，变更，更改;spread 开展，传播;remove 移除，清除。
15. 【答案】D treatment
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。空格处所在句子表明：希望今后的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能导致对男人和女人的不同待遇。因为有差别才应该采取不同的对待方式。compensations 补偿;symptoms 症状;demands 要求，需求;treatments 处理，对待。
16. 【答案】B Meanwhile
【解析】此处考察段落之间的逻辑关系。there are steps体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进的关系。meanwhile 同时;Likewise 同样地，也;Therefore 因此;Instead 代替，而不是。
17. 【答案】D take
【解析】此处考察定语从句+短语搭配。 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat... you can 的前面省略了定语从句关系词that，从句修饰steps，take steps to do短语表示采取措施做某事。Change 改变;watch 注意，观察;count 数数。
18. 【答案】A well-being
【解析】此处考察固定短语搭配。physical and mental well-being 身心健康。
19. 【答案】A level
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，一是保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。Love 喜爱;knowledge 知识;space 空间。
20. 【答案】C diet
【解析】此处考察单词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面that引导的从句是这道题的解题关键：that引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么从句的内容就是先行词得以选出得重要线索。从句中主要讨论事物的问题，那么空格处应该填入diet饮食符合语法结构和句意表达。Design 设计;routine 行程，流程;prescription 处方。
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text . Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.( 10 points)
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four text s. Answer the questions below each textby choosing A，B，C，orD.Mark your answers on ANSWERS HEET1.( 40 points)
Text 1
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase tcrail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual：every January the cost of travelling by train rises， imposing asignificant extra burden on those who have no option but to use therail network to get to work or otherwise .Thisyearsrise，an average of2.7percent，maybea fraction lower than last year 's，butitis stilwell above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI)measureofinflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on thegrounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail networkshould bebornebythosewhouseit， rather than the general tax paye iWhy，theargumentgoes，should a car-driving pensioner fromLincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stock broke ifrom Surrey ?Equally， there is a sense that the travails of commuters inthe SouthEast .manyofwhomwilface among the biggest rises， havereceived too much attention compared to those who must endure therelatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North .
However ，over the past 12months， those commuters have alsoexperienced some of the worst rail strikes in years .Itis all very welltrain operators trumpeting the improvements the are making to thenetwork .but passengers should be able to expect a basic level ofservice for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel . Theresponsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions .However ， there is a strong case that those who have been worstaffected by industrial action should receive compensation for thedisruption they have suffered .
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce aminimum service requirements othat，even when strikes occur services can continue to operate . This should form part of a wide ipackage of measures to address the long - running problems onBritain 'srailways.Yes， more investment is needed ，but passengers wills not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endurecramped unreliable services .punctuated by regular chaos whertimetablesarechanged ，orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently . The threat of nationalisation may have been seen of lfor now.butit will return with a vengeance if the justified anger ofpassengers is not addressed in short order .
21.The author holds that this year 's increase in rail passengers fares
A.will ease train operation 's burden
B. has kept pace with inflation
C.is a big surprise to commuters
D. remains on
22.The stockbroker in2is used to stand for
A.car drivers
B.rail travellers
C. local investors
D. ordinary taxpayers
23.It is indicated in 3 that train operators
A. are offering compensations to commuters
B.aretying to repair relations with the unionsl
C. have failed to provide an adequate source
D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
24..(缺)
25..(缺)
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia 'sbleak rateof deforestation has slowed inpace.One reason for the turnaroundmaybe the country’s antipoverty program .
In 2007， Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives moneyto its poorest residents under certain conditions ，suc has requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care . Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs， these social assistance programsare designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of povertyThe y're already used in dozens of countries worldwide .InIndonesia，the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children .
But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment .In fact poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals ，says Paul Ferraro，an economist at Johns Hopkins University .
That 's because economic growth canbe correlatedwithenvironmental degradation ， while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty .However ，those correlations don't prove cause and effect . The only previous studyanalyzing causality ， based on an area in Mexico that had institutedCCTs， supported the traditional view .There，as people got moremoney ， some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raisefor meat，Ferrarosays.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment ，though . Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia 's poverty-alleviationprogram was affecting deforestation . Indonesia has the third-largestarea of tropical forest in the world andoneof the highest deforestation rates .
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia 's phase—in of theantipoverty program -in7， 468 forested villages across 15 provincesand multiple islands .Theduo separated the effects of the CCT programon forest loss fromother factors ， like weatherand macroeconomic changes ， which were also affecting forest loss. Withthat ，"we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation ， "Ferraro says .
That 's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshiftinsurance policies against inclement weather ，Ferrarosays.Typically， ilrains are delayed ， people may clear land to plant more rice tasupplement their harvests.With the CCTs， individuals instead can usethe money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody 'sguess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access .And regardless of transferability ，thestudyshowsthatwhat's goodfor people may also be good for value of the avoided deforestationjust for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs .
26.According to the fisttwo paragraphs ，CCTprogramsaim to
A. facilitate healthcare reform .
B. help poor families get better off.
C. improve local education systems .
D. lower deforestation rates .
27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
B.CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles .
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers .
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation .
28.In his study about Indonesia ， Ferraro intends to find out
A.its acceptance level of CCTs.
B.its annual rate of poverty alleviation .
C. the relation of CCTstoitsforestloss.
D. the role of its forests in climate change .
29.According to Ferraro ，theCCT program in Indonesia is mostvaluable in that
A.it will benefit other Asian countries .
B.it will reduce regional inequality .
C.it can protect the environment .
D.it can boost grain production .
30.What is the text centered on?
A.The effects of aprogram.
B .The debates over a program.
C.The process of a study.
D. The transferability of a study .
Text 3
As a historian who's always searching for the text or image that makes us re-evaluate the past,I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling( what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?) .l've found quite a few， and-since I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite astir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could，and did， laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter .
Of course， I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900， the majority of which show sitters posing miserably anddu stiffly in front of painted backdrops，or staring absently into the middle distance .How do we explain this trend ?
During the 1840s and 1850s， in the early days of photography， exposure times were notoriously long ：the daguerreotype photographic method ( producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete， resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grinas the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate， and so an on-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s， and the introduction of the BoxBrownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today 's digital standards，the exposure was almostc instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s，so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile .
One explanation might be the loss ofdignity displayed through acheesygrin.“Nature gave uslipstoconcealourteeth，ran one popular Victorian saying ， alluding to.the fact that before the birth of properdentistry ， mouths were often in a shockingstate of hygiene .A flashing set of healthyand clean ，regular'pearlywhites' was a rare sight in Victorian society ， the preserve of eythesuper-rich( and even the dentalhygiene was not guaranteed ).
A toothygrin( especially when there were gaps or blackened.edteeth) lacked class：drunks，tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smileas wide asLewis Carrol'sgum-exposing
several minutes to complete ， resulting inblurred images as sitters shifted position oradjusted their limbs. The thought of holdinga fixed grin as the camera performed its magicalduties was too muchp tocontemplate ，andsoa non- committal blankstare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s， and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that ， though slow by today ‘s digitastandards ，the exposure was almost instantaneous . Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s，so we must look elsewhere for an explanationof why Victorians still hesitated to smile .
Cheshire Cat， but it was not a becoming lookfor properly bred persons .Even Mark Twain，a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh， said thatwhen itcameto photographic portraits there could be nothing more damningthan a silly， foolish smile fixed forever.
31. According to Paragraph 1， the author’sposts on Twitter
A.Changedpeople'es impression of the Victorians
B. highlighted social media’s role inVictorian studies
C.re- evaluated the Victorians notion of public image .
D. illustrated the development of Victorianphotography .
32.Whatdoesauthor sayabouttheVictorian portraits he has collected ?
A.They are in popular use among historians .
B. They are rare among photographs ofthat age.
C.They mirror 19th- century socialedu conventions .
D.They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness .
B. Their tension before the camera .
C. Their distrust of new inventions .
D. Their unhealthy dental condition .
34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was
A.adeep-rootbelief.
B.amisguidedattitude.
Ca controversial view .
D .athought-provokingidea.
35. Which of the following questions doesthe text answer ?
A.Whydid most Victorians look stern in photographs ?
B.Whydid the Victorians startto view photographs ?
C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period ?
D.How didsm linginphotographsbecome apost-Victoriannorm?
Text 4
From the early days of broadband ， advocates for consumers and web- based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favoi affliated websites over their rivals’.That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online ， preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet .
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fll-in part because of pushback from broadband providers ，anti- regulatory conservatives and the courts .A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday ，but instead of providing a badly needed resolution ，it only prolonged the fight .At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality， adopted on a party -line vote in 2017. The Republican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in2015，but rejected the commission 's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything .The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either .
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti- competitive behavior ，such as a broadband - providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video- streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.YettheFCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals ' streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday ， the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers ，citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.But Judge Patricia Milett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that“the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service ，"and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to" avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism ."
In the meantime ，the court threw out theFCC' s attempt to block allstate rules on net neutrality ， while preserving the commission 's powei to preempt individual state laws that that undermine its order . That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California ， which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.
The endless legal battles and back -and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online .
36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would
A.bringweb- based firms under control .
B. slowdown the traffic on their network .
C. show partiality in treating clients .
D. intensify competition with their rivals .
37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules ，the FCC
A.Stickstoanout-of- date order .
B.Takesananti- regulatory stance .
C. Has issued a special resolution .
D. Has allowed the states to intervene
38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A.It protects against unfair competition .
B.Itengagesinanti- competitive practices .
C.ItisundertheFCC's investigation .
D.Itisin pursuit of quality service .
39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court 's decision
A.focuses on trivialities.
B. conveys an ambiguous message
C.is at odds with its earlier rulings
D.is out of touch with reality .
40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph ?
A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality .
B.The FCC should be put under strict supervision .
C. Rules need to be set to diversify online services .
D.Broadband providers' rights should be protected .
Part B
Directions ：
In the following article ， some sentences have been removed .FoiQuestions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-Gtcfit into each of the numbered blanks . There are two extra choiceswhich do not fit in any of the blanks .Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10points)
In the movices and on televivion ,artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upendourwayoflife. When itcomes to A I in business ，we often hear about it in relation tcautomation and the impending loss of jobs ，butinwhatwaysisAlchanging companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions ?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use A I moreoften in computer-to-computer activities than in automating humanactivities .Onecommonapplication? Preventing electronic securitybreaches ，which， rather than eliminating ITjobs， actually makes thosepersonnel more valuable to employers ， because they help firmsprevent hacking attempts .
Here are a few other ways A I is aiding companies without replacing employees.
Better hiring practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of theunconscious bias from hiring decisions .“There are experiments thatshow that ，naturally， the results of interviews are much more biasedthan what AIdoes， "says Pedro Domingo s， author of The MasterAlgorith on：HowtheQust for the Ultimate learning Machine WilReam be Our Worldanda computer science 41_ _One company that 's doing this is called Blendoor.Ituses analytics to helpidentify where there maybe bias in the hiring process .
More effective marketing
Some A I software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates .One company in the UK，Phrasee，claims their software can outperform human s by up to 10 percentwhen it comes to email open rates . This can mean millions more inrevenue . 42 __These are"tools that help people used ata， nota replacement for people ， ”says Patrick H.Winston，a professor ofartificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use A I to help customers reduce theirelectricity bills ， saving them money while helping the environmentCompanies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down onthe cost of electricity . Insurance companies ，meanwhile，canbase theirpremiums on A I models that more accurately access risk.“Beforethey might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or chargethe mtoomuch，says Domingos， 43___
Improved accuracy
“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statisticswhich makes data more valuable ，"says Winston .It" helps peoplemake smarter decisions .”44______
Protecting and maintaining infrastructure
A number of companies ， particularly in energy and transportation ，use A I image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen .“If they failfirst and the nyoufixthem，it's very expensive ，"says Domingo s.“45___
A.I replaces the boring parts of your job .Ifyou'redoingresearch，you can have AIgo out and look for relevant sources and informationthat otherwise you just would n't have time for.
B.Oneaccountingfirm，EY， uses an AI system that helps reviewcontracts during an audit.Thisprocess ,along with employees reviewing the contracts ，is faster and more accurate .
C.There are also companies like Acquisio，which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords ，Bingand social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about whereadvertising funds will yield best results .
D. You want to predict if something needs attention now and pointto where it's useful for employees to go to.
E.Before， they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk orcharge the mtoomuch，or they would charge them too little and thenit would cost[the company] money .
F.We're also giving our customers better channels versus pickingup the phone to accomplish something beyond humanscale .
G.AIlooksat resumes in greater numbers than humans would beable to ， and selects the more promising candidates .
Part C
Directions ：
英语一小作文
Section IIIWriting
Part A
英语一大作文
Part B
